Food

Balanced Nutrition: A balanced diet is the foundation of your cat’s long-term health, supporting everything from energy levels to immune function. Cats are obligate carnivores, which means their bodies are designed to thrive on nutrients found primarily in animal protein. Unlike humans or dogs, cats cannot naturally produce certain essential amino acids like taurine, arachidonic acid, and vitamin A, so their diet must supply these through quality meat sources. Protein helps maintain strong muscles, while fats provide energy and support skin and coat health.

-When choosing cat food, always check the ingredient list — high-quality options list real meat, poultry, or fish as the first ingredient. Avoid foods loaded with unnecessary fillers like corn, soy, or wheat, which offer little nutritional value and can lead to digestive issues. Artificial colors, preservatives, and by-products should also be avoided whenever possible. Cats with specific conditions such as obesity, allergies, or kidney disease may need specialized veterinary diets tailored to their needs. A well-balanced, portion-controlled diet combined with clean water helps your cat maintain a healthy weight, shiny coat, and active lifestyle.

Wet vs. Dry: Cat owners often wonder whether wet or dry food is better — and the truth is, both have their advantages. Wet food provides high moisture content, which helps cats stay hydrated and supports urinary tract health. It’s especially beneficial for older cats or those prone to kidney or bladder issues. Wet food also tends to have a stronger aroma and softer texture, which can make it more appealing to picky eaters or cats with dental sensitivity. However, it’s important to note that wet food is generally more expensive and must be refrigerated once opened to prevent spoilage.

-Dry food, on the other hand, is convenient, longer-lasting, and often more affordable. It can be left out for longer periods and stored easily without refrigeration. The crunchiness of kibble may also help reduce plaque buildup and support gum health, though it’s not a replacement for regular dental care. Many cat owners choose a mixed feeding approach — offering wet food for hydration and taste variety, and dry food for convenience and cost efficiency. Regardless of the type, always select a high-quality formula appropriate for your cat’s age and health, measure portions carefully, and ensure fresh water is available at all times.

Schedule & Portions: Cats are creatures of habit, and a consistent feeding routine promotes good digestion and balanced energy levels. Most healthy adult cats do well with two measured meals a day — one in the morning and one in the evening — while kittens and active young cats may need smaller, more frequent meals throughout the day. Feeding at set times also helps monitor your cat’s appetite; any sudden change in eating behavior can be an early sign of illness.

-It’s important to measure portions carefully based on the calorie guidelines on the food packaging or as recommended by your veterinarian. Free-feeding (leaving food out all day) might seem convenient, but it can lead to overeating and weight gain over time. Obesity is one of the most common health problems in indoor cats and can increase the risk of diabetes, arthritis, and heart disease. Use a measuring cup or digital scale for accuracy and keep an eye on your cat’s body condition. If your cat begs between meals, interactive feeders or slow-feeding bowls can help pace their eating and provide mental stimulation.

Hydration: -Hydration is a vital yet often overlooked part of a cat’s diet. Many cats have a naturally low thirst drive because their ancestors lived in dry environments and obtained moisture from prey. However, modern indoor cats who primarily eat dry kibble may not get enough water from food alone, leading to dehydration, constipation, or urinary tract issues. -To encourage better hydration, place multiple water bowls around your home in quiet, accessible spots. Some cats prefer running water, so cat fountains are an excellent investment — they keep water clean, oxygenated, and appealing. Clean bowls and change the water daily, as cats are sensitive to smell and may refuse stale or contaminated water. Feeding wet food at least once a day also helps increase moisture intake naturally. Proper hydration supports kidney and bladder health, helps regulate body temperature, and ensures all organs function efficiently. Watching your cat’s drinking habits can also alert you to health changes; increased or decreased thirst may be a sign to consult your veterinarian.

Onions, Garlic, Chives & Leeks (Allium family): These contain sulfur compounds (for example, N-propyl disulfide) that damage red blood cells and can cause hemolytic anemia in cats. Toxicity can happen after a single large feeding or after repeated small exposures; cooked, powdered, and “hidden” forms (like onion/garlic powder in sauces, baby food, or ready meals) are still dangerous. Signs include weakness, pale gums, rapid breathing, vomiting, and lethargy.

Chocolate & Caffeine (methylxanthines): Chocolate contains theobromine (and some caffeine). Both substances overstimulate the nervous system and heart, causing vomiting, diarrhea, rapid breathing, tremors, seizures, and arrhythmias. Dark chocolate and cocoa powder are the most toxic because they contain higher theobromine concentrations. Even small amounts can be dangerous in small or elderly cats.

Grapes and raisins: These have been linked to rapid kidney failure in companion animals. The exact toxic compound is still not fully known, and susceptibility varies, so even a small amount may cause severe problems in some cats. Early signs include vomiting, lethargy, decreased appetite, and later decreased urination or non-functional kidneys

Xylitol and other artificial sweeteners: Xylitol (common in “sugar-free” gum, candies, some peanut butters, baked goods, and toothpaste) can trigger a rapid insulin release in many species, causing severe hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and possible liver failure.

Alcohol and yeast dough: These contain sulfur compounds (such as N-propyl disulfide) that destroy red blood cells, leading to hemolytic anemia, weak muscles, pale gums, dark urine or collapse. Even less than a teaspoon of cooked onion or around 5 g per kg body weight (for raw onion) has been reported to cause toxicity in cats.

High-fat foods and cooked bones: Table scraps rich in fat (fried foods, fatty meats) can cause pancreatitis; cooked bones can splinter and cause internal injury or blockage; very salty snacks may trigger sodium poisoning (vomiting, tremors, seizures). There is no exact “safe” amount, so these should be avoided entirely.

Raw/undercooked meat, eggs, fish: Raw food can contain harmful bacteria (Salmonella, E. coli) or parasites. Raw fish sometimes contains enzymes (thiaminase) that destroy thiamine (vitamin B1) leading to neurological issues if fed exclusively over time; raw liver fed in large amounts can cause vitamin A toxicity.

Excess salt and salty snacks: Large amounts of salt, cured meats, or very salty foods can cause sodium ion toxicosis. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, seizures, and increased thirst. Keep salty human snacks well out of reach.

Avocado, macadamia nuts, and certain nuts/seeds: Avocado contains persin; while cats are less sensitive than some species, it can still cause GI upset and should be avoided. Macadamia nuts primarily affect dogs but can cause weakness or GI signs in pets and are best avoided. Some nuts are high in fat and can cause pancreatitis or blockage.

Marijuana / THC: Edibles or plant material containing THC can cause neurologic depression, altered behavior, lack of coordination, vomiting, and in severe cases, seizures.

Household items commonly in food-like forms: Items such as certain human supplements, some flavored vitamins, or sugar-free foods that contain xylitol, as well as medications or cleaners that smell/appear edible, should be treated as potential toxins. Always check ingredient lists and keep these items locked away.

Toppers & Nutritional Boosters: Food toppers are a great way to make meals more exciting while adding extra nutrients. Common toppers include freeze-dried meats, broths, bone marrow powders, or fish oils that provide omega-3 fatty acids for skin and coat health. They can also help picky eaters by making dry kibble more appealing. However, toppers should be used in moderation—adding too much can lead to unnecessary calories or imbalance the nutritional content of your cat’s main food.

-Some toppers, like tuna flakes or salmon oil, are rich in healthy fats but should only make up a small portion of your cat’s diet, as too much fat can cause weight gain or digestive issues. When choosing a product, always check labels for cat-safe ingredients and avoid any that include onion, garlic, or excess salt, as these can be toxic. A small spoonful mixed into meals a few times a week is usually plenty to boost flavor and nutrition safely.

Vitamins & Minerals: While most high-quality commercial cat foods are nutritionally complete, some cats benefit from extra vitamins and minerals based on their age, health, or diet type. For example, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids support joint health and reduce inflammation, taurine is essential for heart and eye function, and glucosamine with chondroitin can help maintain joint flexibility in older cats. Cats on homemade or raw diets especially need supplements to meet all essential nutrient requirements that may not be naturally present.

-It’s important to remember that more isn’t always better. Over-supplementing certain nutrients, like vitamin A, D, or calcium, can lead to toxicity or bone problems over time. If your cat has specific conditions such as arthritis, allergies, or heart issues, ask your vet about the correct dosage and form—some supplements come in powders, chewable treats, or liquids that can easily be mixed with food. Regular vet checkups and bloodwork can help ensure your cat’s nutrient levels stay balanced.

Water Additives: Hydration and oral health are often overlooked, but both are crucial for your cat’s well-being. Water additives are simple supplements that can be added to your cat’s drinking water to help clean teeth, reduce plaque buildup, and freshen breath. Many contain mild enzymes or chlorhexidine, which help break down bacteria in the mouth. They’re especially helpful for cats who resist tooth brushing, though they should never replace it entirely.

-Other water additives may include mild electrolytes or flavor enhancers to encourage drinking, which is particularly beneficial for cats that eat mainly dry food or have urinary tract concerns. Always choose vet-recommended, flavorless formulas, as strong tastes or scents may cause your cat to avoid drinking altogether. Combine additives with dental treats, regular brushing, or dental chews for a complete oral care routine. Keeping your cat hydrated and maintaining good dental hygiene can greatly reduce the risk of kidney, bladder, or gum problems as they age.